Rufous Hummingbird

The Rufous Hummingbird breeds farther north than any other hummingbird species, reaching into southern Alaska, and undertakes one of the longest migratory journeys relative to body size of any bird. Its feathers are notable for their extensive rufous-orange coloring across the back, flanks, and tail in males, paired with a brilliant iridescent orange-red throat patch, making it one of the warmest-toned hummingbirds likely to be encountered across the West.

Size and Shape

Feathers are tiny, with narrow, stiff flight feathers and dense body feathers typical of hummingbirds, slightly smaller overall than many other North American species.

Color and Pattern

• Back, flank, and tail feathers (male): rufous-orange, sometimes with a little green on the crown
• Throat feathers (male): iridescent orange-red, appearing dark without direct light
• Female upperparts: green with rufous-orange sides and rufous at the base of the tail
• Female throat feathers: whitish with limited iridescent spotting

Distinguishing from Similar Species

Rufous Hummingbird feathers show far more extensive rufous-orange coloring than the mostly green-backed Ruby-throated, Anna's, or Black-chinned hummingbirds. The species is very similar to the closely related Allen's Hummingbird, which shows more green on the back; a fully rufous back in a male is a strong indicator of Rufous Hummingbird, though range and habitat should be considered together.

Adult males show extensively rufous-orange upperparts and flanks with an iridescent orange-red throat; adult females and immatures show green upperparts with rufous-orange wash on the flanks and rufous at the base of the tail feathers. Juveniles resemble females. Adults undergo a complete molt primarily on the wintering grounds in Mexico, distinct from the breeding season.

Rufous Hummingbirds breed from the Pacific Northwest north into southern Alaska, using mountain meadows, forest edges, and gardens, then migrate along a looping route through the Rockies and interior West to wintering grounds in Mexico. This long-distance migrant travels an especially long journey relative to its tiny size, and individuals occasionally show up well outside the expected range during migration.

This hummingbird feeds on nectar from a wide variety of flowers along its migratory route as well as feeders, and consumes small insects for protein, particularly important for fueling its long migration. Females build a small cup nest of plant down and spider silk in trees or shrubs. Rufous Hummingbirds are notably aggressive and territorial, often chasing off much larger birds from feeding areas, and males perform steep, diving courtship displays accompanied by wing and tail sounds.